新冠病毒有“多长”？德尔塔变异株如何查“家谱”？
<p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: center; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">8月月6日，记者从上海市疾控中心获悉，此前其通报：上海市8月2日新增的1例新冠肺炎确诊病例感染的新冠病毒基因测序结果显示，属于德尔塔（delta）变异株，与境外德尔塔变异株同源性较高。基因同源性较高是什么意思？基因测序是如何发现病毒基因与境外变异株高度相似的？来看上海市疾控中心的解答。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">新冠病毒就像一条手链，可以由不同的珠子串起来，手链上的每颗珠子都是具有特殊功能的基因。当把珠子放大，就会发现每颗珠子都是由四种碱基紧密排列组成的。所以，基因测序就是先发现珠子，再放大看其中的碱基是怎么排列的；当把碱基排列情况看清楚时，就可以完全测定出来新冠病毒的核酸序列。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 36px !important;"><br/></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: center; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 36px !important;"><img src="http://res.cjyun.org/a/10008/202108/b74bf142385c72de1314b7acbdcaecc3.jpeg" data-mce-src="http://res.cjyun.org/a/10008/202108/b74bf142385c72de1314b7acbdcaecc3.jpeg" data-origin-src="http://res.cjyun.org/a/10008/202108/b74bf142385c72de1314b7acbdcaecc3.jpeg" data-mce-attachid="20480635" data-mce-alias="quality,Q_80" data-bd-imgshare-binded="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: auto; vertical-align: top;"/></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 36px !important;"><br/></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">新冠病毒这条“手链”的长度为29903（约3万）个碱基。在以前技术不是那么发达的时候，技术人员测定整个基因组可能要耗费数周甚至数月的时间。随着科学技术的发展，凭借全基因组测序技术，可以一次性完成之前数月的工作。当然，这项技术操作起来比较复杂，不仅仅需要在实验室里进行，还需要高性能计算机，至少分析数小时才能完成。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 36px !important;"><br/></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: center; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 36px !important;"><img src="http://res.cjyun.org/a/10008/202108/38601b350547b302903a68f114fd173f.jpeg" data-mce-src="http://res.cjyun.org/a/10008/202108/38601b350547b302903a68f114fd173f.jpeg" data-origin-src="http://res.cjyun.org/a/10008/202108/38601b350547b302903a68f114fd173f.jpeg" data-mce-attachid="20480636" data-mce-alias="quality,Q_80" data-bd-imgshare-binded="1" style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; max-width: 100%; height: auto; vertical-align: top;"/></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 36px !important;"><br/></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">测定出新冠病毒的序列后，就可以分型了。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">还是拿手链打比方，通过对比不同“手链”的差异，我们可以将相似的“链子”归到同一个“系列”，这个过程叫分型。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">各种分型方法的原理是类似的，都是利用病毒传播过程中核酸序列上特定位置的变化来进行分型，这对防控工作十分重要，是明确病毒来源并调整防控策略的重要依据之一。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">为什么能通过基因测序锁定病毒来源</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">上海市疾控中心对上海市8月2日病例的呼吸道标本开展了新冠病毒全基因组序列测定，结果显示，虽然该病毒属于德尔塔型，但它的变异情况和一株北美株高度相似，而与近期我国其他地区的病例感染的病毒变异不一样。结合病例的工作性质，因此推测此次本土病例感染来源很可能是国外而不是国内其他地区。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">病毒发生变异后，这些变异会遗传给病毒的下一代并且不大可能返祖，也就是说处在同一传播链条上的病例带有的病毒肯定会包含之前传播者带有的病毒的全部变异。因此，通过比较病毒变异是否一致，我们就可以判断两个病例之间是不是在同一传播链上，一例一例比较后能精准地推断病毒的来源。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">基因测序还有更多高大上的作用</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">科学家通过对病毒进行全基因组测序，可以了解新冠病毒不同传播阶段的变异情况，由此推测病毒对人的感染力的变化情况。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">还可以了解现在的核酸检测诊断试剂是否有效，因为核酸检测仅仅是检测病毒核酸序列的一部分，如果被检测的这部分序列发生改变，那么就需要对检测试剂进行改进了。</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; padding: 0px; word-break: break-word; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2em; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size: 18px; font-family: Microsoft Yahei, PingFang SC, Lantinghei SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft Sans Serif, WenQuanYi Micro Hei, sans; white-space: normal; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 2em;">另外，疫苗研发者可利用基因组测序技术观察病毒变化情况，研究现有疫苗或正在研发的疫苗是否有效，从而对疫苗的研发策略进行修改，让疫苗更有针对性。</p><p><br/></p><section style="max-width: 100%; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; 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